1 août 2007

INTRODUCTION

« L’Internet ambivalent »

En quelques années, les nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication (NTIC) ont investi la scène politique et se sont imposées comme un élément essentiel de la stratégie de communication des candidats en campagne. Internet est en passe de devenir en Europe un media de masse, avec près de 50% de la population utilisatrice et est de plus en plus utilisé pour informer, débattre et mobiliser politiquement. C’est devenu un média tactique à part entière dans un contexte de professionnalisation des processus de communication politique[1]. A une époque où la médiatisation et le contrôle de l’image sont devenus des outils stratégiques de l’action politique, la communication partisane en temps de campagne tend à investir l’ensemble des espaces et interstices possible à l’expression des messages. C’est pourquoi, les conseillers et équipes de campagne ont dû parvenir à une maîtrise de plus en plus élaborée des médias et techniques électorales à l’image des fameux spin doctors américains.

Face à l’explosion de l’utilisation citoyenne du World Wide Web, il n’était pas question pour les communicants de rater la marche Internet, d’autant que le réseau possède des atouts non négligeables pour celui qui en maîtrise les mécanismes. En effet, le Web[2] représente le cadre idéal pour la propagande des groupes partisans tout comme le réseau numérique permet la maîtrise totale de l’information, sans filtre journalistique, ni limite de place et de temps de parole.

Le phénomène le plus marquant de l’évolution du réseau est l’apparition ces deux dernières années du Web 2.0[3]. Propulsé par le haut débit, les logiciels libres et des coûts de production de plus en plus faibles, l’outil réseau devient un nouveau mode d’expression à part entière. Bienvenue dans l’âge de la communauté, de l’interactivité, du Web citoyen, de l’expression libre ! Aujourd’hui pour un budget relativement accessible : un ordinateur, une mini caméra et un abonnement auprès d’un opérateur Internet, chacun peut créer son propre média, devenir journaliste citoyen, rédacteur en chef et accéder au monde entier en quelques « clics ».

Dans le monde, à chaque seconde, se créé un blog sur Internet. Ce sont ainsi près de 100 000 nouvelles personnes par jour qui s’improvisent éditorialistes, avec plus ou moins de réussite. En début d’année 2007, les chiffres ont dépassé la barre des 100 millions de bloggeurs sur la planète[4]. La France est leader mondial en terme de création de Weblog par personne. Près de 9 millions de français lisent au moins un journal personnel par mois contre 6 millions il y a un an, lorsque seuls 300 000 internautes avaient visité les sites des deux principaux candidats à la présidence en 2002[5]. La structure du Web est infinie, et son objet de informationnel exponentiel. Phénomène de mode ou outil des nouvelles habitudes de consommation, Internet bouleverse chaque jour davantage les modèles économiques des relais de l’information, de la culture, de l’édition.

Cependant, les hommes ont toujours entretenu avec la technologie des relations non dénuées de passion. Les analystes n’apparaissent pas tous en accord sur les enjeux sociétaux que le Net drainera à l’avenir. Comme lors de l’émergence de chaque nouvelle technologie, le débat s’instaure autour des capacités de l’outil à modifier l’espace public, les modes d’expression citoyenne, l’interaction entre les hommes, les formes démocratiques, la politique.

D’un côté, les révolutionnaires, militants d’un « cinquième pouvoir » à l’image de Loic Lemeur[6], Nicolas Voisin[7] ou Thierry Crouzet[8] qui a théorisé ce concept dans un livre du même nom, et pour qui cette technologie représente une nouvelle forme de citoyenneté, une réponse à la crise de la représentation institutionnelle, l’outil d’une nouvelle dynamique démocratique. L’inscription d’un nouveau rapport du citoyen au politique serait ainsi un moyen de régulation de la démocratie représentative et des pouvoirs par la société civile. Ces cyber-théoriciens sont à l’origine de nombreux néologismes tels que la e-démocratie, l’e-administration, l’e-gouvernement, les e-pétitionnaires ou encore les netcampagnes, ouvrant l’ère de la cyber-citoyenneté placée au cœur de la Cité numérique. Internet offre incontestablement de nouvelles possibilités et permet au citoyen de devenir tant producteur que consommateur d’information. C’est un outil d’expression sans contraintes de lieu ou d’espace, sur tous les sujets possibles. Le Web modifierait les rapports entre les politiques et les citoyens et les fondements de l’action politique.

De l’autre, les sceptiques sont conscients que le Web n’a pas encore fait ou défait une élection. Echaudés par le phénomène de la bulle Internet des années 2000, ils ont en mémoire le processus d’analyse optimiste qui accompagne toujours l’émergence d’un nouveau média, modèle proche du déterminisme technique. Internet ne serait ainsi qu’un support en passe de se structurer autour des nouveaux « Netleaders » émergents. Quant à l’expression citoyenne, l’abolition du journaliste expert et le phénomène de construction anarchique du réseau permettraient aux rumeurs, à la communication grise, aux systèmes de viralités négatives de faire le jeu de la politique spectacle. Le Web serait, durant les temps de campagne, un outil de désinformation, une arme négative au service des candidats. « Rien de bien démocratique dans cet espace ! »

Internet cultive cette ambivalence depuis sa création. En effet, le World Wide Web est un média originellement paradoxal du fait de sa double origine militaire et scientifique. La défense, la guerre, la maîtrise des communications, la puissance et donc la politique étaient dès le départ la vocation du réseau pour les militaires. Alors qu’à l’inverse, les scientifiques ont très vite compris l’intérêt de l’interactivité et mis en place les outils de la collaboration, de l’échange et de la démocratie. Comme le soulignent Jean-François Tétu et Françoise Renzetti dés 1995 : Internet a pu apparaître comme « l’armature d'une démocratie internationale scientifique »[9].

Cette dualité du Web touche également la communication politique sur Internet qui passe ainsi par deux modalités. Une première, officielle, émane des partis et des candidats et une seconde, nettement plus agressive, utilise le Web comme un moyen de déstabilisation des adversaires, communication de conquête et guerre de territoires numériques. Ce sont ces deux fonctions qu’évoque volontiers Alain Duhamel[10], journaliste de France 2 révoqué de sa rédaction durant l’élection présidentielle, lorsqu’une vidéo amateur, prise au cours de l’une de ses conférences à Sciences-po Paris, a fait le tour du Web. Vidéo sur laquelle il affirmait ouvertement sa préférence pour l’ex candidat de l’UDF François Bayrou. Ses conclusions mettent en lumière l’ambivalence du réseau qui « possède une double influence sur la campagne : un effet émancipateur qui permet aux français de participer aux débats, tandis que son versant totalitaire conduit à des événements artificiels et incontrôlable ».

Quoi qu’il en soit, le Net a convaincu les candidats à l’échéance présidentielle de 2007. Ils ont pris le phénomène Internet très au sérieux dans leur stratégie de communication. Dans ce contexte, les conseillers Internet des hommes politiques se sont trouvés au cœur des enjeux électoraux. Ce que les spin doctors sont à la communication matérielle, les WEBDOCTORS en sont leurs miroirs dans le cyberespace. Ces spécialistes de la communication interactive, fins observateurs du réseau verront leur rôle s’accroître avec la structuration du Web, le temps pour tous les acteurs de la démocratie : politiques, médias et société civile de prendre la pleine conscience des potentialités du réseau.

La communication politique ?
Afin de préciser l’axe de ce travail, il semble au préalable nécessaire de s’interroger sur le terme de communication politique et sur l’évolution de sa définition à travers le temps. Au départ, la communication politique désignait « l’étude de la communication du gouvernement vers l’électorat » ; puis « l’échange des discours politiques entre la majorité et l’opposition ». Plus tard, cette notion de communication politique s’est élargie à « l’étude du rôle des médias dans la formation de l’opinion publique », et à « l’influence des sondages sur le vie politique ». Aujourd’hui, la communication politique correspond à l’étude du « rôle de la communication dans la vie politique ». Cette étude intègre aussi bien les médias, les sondages que le marketing politique ou encore la publicité. Elle s’intéresse particulièrement aux campagnes électorales, moment intense de communication politique.

Dominique Wolton opte pour une définition plus précise : la communication politique est pour lui « l’espace où s’échangent les discours contradictoires des trois acteurs qui ont la légitimité à s’exprimer publiquement sur la politique et qui sont les hommes politiques, les journalistes et l’opinion publique à travers les sondages[11] ». Si Jacques Gerstlé[12] rejette cette définition qu’il juge trop restrictive (pour lui, la communication politique concerne « toute communication qui a pour objet le politique »), Dominique Wolton permet de mettre en évidence le concept d'interaction des discours dans l'Espace Public. Ces échanges entretenus par des acteurs qui n'ont ni le même statut ni la même légitimité constituent en réalité de par leur position respective la condition de fonctionnement de la démocratie de masse.

Dans le cadre de cette étude, la communication étudiée sera spécifiquement la communication politique officielle des candidats français en campagne, au regard de la définition de Dominique Wolton ou comment l’espace du Web modifie les modes de communication politique et comment les WEBDOCTORS alimentent ces échanges ?

A la suite de l’élection présidentielle de 2007 en France, de nombreux outils d’analyses sont désormais accessibles sur cette première véritable Netcampagne française, qui a vu se professionnaliser les méthodes de communication politique sur Internet. Afin de répondre au mieux à cette problématique, le sujet sera abordé en deux chapitres. Un premier est donc consacré à l’évaluation de ces résultats au travers de la question que posent les discours révolutionnaires : Internet comme un objet politique. Le second chapitre sera quant à lui consacré à l’espace de communication politique que constitue Internet, sous l’angle des trois fonctions des WEBDOCTORS identifiées : les Webdoctors éditeurs, les Webdoctors animateurs et les Webdoctors sentinelles.




[1] in. La communication politique après le tournant de 2002, Philippe J.Maarek, 2004, l’Harmattan
[2] Le Web s’entend ici comme une entité conceptuelle et sociale dont les règles sont nombreuses et hétérogènes lorsque le réseau numérique est le support du Web, une entité physique aux limites matérielle.
[3] nb."Web 2.0 est un terme souvent utilisé pour désigner ce qui est perçu comme une transition importante du Web, passant d'une collection de sites à une plateforme informatique à part entière, fournissant des applications web aux utilisateurs. Les défenseurs de ce point de vue soutiennent que les services du Web 2.0 remplaceront progressivement les applications de bureau traditionnelles." (source wikipédia)
[4] in. Anne Sinclair, émission libre cours, France Inter, 11 février 2007
[5] cf. Manuel Valls, conférence « Les Tribunes du GET : Internet et politique », 30 janvier 2003
[6] cf. conseiller auprès de Nicolas Sarkozy sur les stratégies de Net Campagne pour les élections présidentielles de 2007, http://loiclemeur.com
[7] Créateur du site Politic Show, média citoyen, http://blpwebzine.blogs.com/politicshow
[8] cf. Le cinquième pouvoir, Thierry Crouzet, 2007, Bourin Editeur.
[9] in. Internet : évolution d’un projet d’espace public de la recherche », J-F Tétu et F. Renzetti, TIS, volume 7.
[10] in. Alain Duhamel : « Internet émancipateur et totalitaire », Le Figaro, 16 février 2007.
[11] cf. http://www.wolton.cnrs.fr, Dominique Wolton
[12] in. La communication politique, Jacques Gerstlé, PUF, Paris, 1993

75 commentaires:

Anonyme a dit…

Ce blog est très interressant.
C'est visiblement un outil de travail universitaire. J'espère que vous serez bien noté !

Connaissez vous le blog de thierry Vedel ?

Cordialement

Michel Philibert

Anonyme a dit…

bravo, mémoire trés interessant

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Cédric Morel a dit…
Ce commentaire a été supprimé par l'auteur.
Cédric Morel a dit…

Lu chez palpitt :

http://palpitt.free.fr/index.php?2007/08/21/335-webdoctors-et-communication-politique

Découvert chez Christophe Grébert, le projet de fin d'études de Cédric Morel, étudiant en Master de Communication Institutionnelle à l'ISCPA de Lyon. Ce dernier vient de finir de mettre en ligne un mémoire sur les stratégies de communication des candidats en campagne. La problématique était la suivante : "Comment l’espace du Web modifie les modes de communication politique et comment les Webdoctors (conseillers politiques spécialisés, ndlr) alimentent ces échanges ?".


En conclusion, plutôt que de répondre à la question de l'hypothétique impact de tel ou tel (nouvel) outil de communication sur l'électorat, Cédric s'intéresse à "la puissance symbolique de la toile" et la façon dont elle a pu influencer "le politique, la politique, l’action politique" :
Internet comme un nouveau projet de société. Là se situe la véritable victoire des internautes et du réseau. La force du Web a généré une mythologie si puissante qu’elle se présente comme une alternative d'organisation de la démocratie : relance des engagements partisans, lutte contre l’abstention, participation citoyenne, capacités cognitives développées, recomposition du lien social…
ps : ceci n'est pas un retour, je vous poste juste 2/3 billets pour vous faire patienter jusqu'à la rentrée...hum, bon ok j'avoue, : je suis blogo-dépendant :)

tags: candidats 2007 web webdoctors mémoire ISCPA communication politique

Cédric Morel a dit…

Lu sur chez Christophe Grébert :

http://www.monputeaux.com/2007/08/on-parle-de-mon.html?cid=80600367#comments

On parle de MonPuteaux : l'Internet et la communication politique
Un étudiant en Master de communication politique, à l'ISCPA de Lyon, a mis en lige son mémoire sur "L'internet et la communication politique". Il y évoque MonPuteaux. Extrait :

Parfois, des initiatives individuelles trouvent un écho sur la Toile qu’elles n’auraient pas trouvé ailleurs. Chistophe Grébert, rédacteur du site www.monputeaux.com et militant PS au départ, a trouvé par le biais du réseau une tribune d’opposition au maire de cette même collectivité. Le phénomène communautaire et sa posture de représentant de la génération Internet lui permettent aujourd’hui de se présenter, « sans étiquette », aux élections municipales de Puteaux. Le Maire voit en lui un adversaire de taille. De même, lorsque l’on se ballade sur le Web, on trouve désormais de nombreuses expériences de sites qui utilisent le code www.mon[collectivité].com devenu en soi un symbole d’opposition aux pouvoirs locaux, une marque.

Anonyme a dit…

blog vraiment très intéressant, félicitations
bon courage pour la dernière ligne droite ....
salutations

Sophie.maheo@free.fr a dit…
Ce commentaire a été supprimé par l'auteur.
Sophie.maheo@free.fr a dit…

oui, très intéressant. Mobilisation et animation des réseaux, un puissant levier.
j'aime assez le terme webdoctor, il évoque la notion de prendre soin, un réseau de soin pour la société ;-)

Anonyme a dit…

bravo mr morel c'est assez perutant faut l'avouer!

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